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Após 20 anos da separação da capital da operação do saneamento do resto do estado, Amazonas tem os piores índices sanitários do Brasil, demonstra estudo da ABES 

08/11/2018 Redação ABES

População de Manaus ainda não teve os benefícios esperados e os demais 61 municípios do Estado pioraram seus indicadores de saneamento. O levantamento da Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental demonstra que Roraima, estado vizinho na Região Norte, tem indicadores melhores que o Amazonas. Com a MP 844, que altera o Marco Legal do Saneamento, esta realidade precária pode atingir todo o país, alerta a entidade.

O cenário otimista divulgado nos últimos dias, que os investimentos em saneamento pode gerar em 20 anos um lucro de 1,2 trilhões de reais, não se comprova na prática na oferta de serviços de saneamento para a população, neste modelo de fragmentação da operação regionalizada, como comprova um estudo da ABES – Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental sobre a situação do Amazonas (veja o estudo aqui).

O levantamento da ABES analisou os indicadores de abastecimento de água, coleta e tratamento de esgoto dos estados do Amazonas e de Roraima com o objetivo de comparar seus modelos de operação. No Amazonas, a operação realizada pelos municípios é fragmentada entre operadores privados, municipais e estadual e em Roraima a operação é regionalizada. Outro corte adotado foi a classificação dos municípios segundo o porte. Também foi levantada a taxa média de internação por Doenças Relacionadas ao Saneamento Ambiental Inadequado (DRSAI). E, por último, foi avaliada a situação fiscal dos municípios em 2016. Os dados são provenientes do SNIS – Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento, do DATASUS do Ministério da Saúde e, para avaliação da situação fiscal, do Sistema FIRJAN.

Em Manaus, de 2002 a 2016, o índice de atendimento de água subiu de 81% para 88%. Já no bloco de municípios que ficou sob o comando do Estado caiu de 83% para 58% o atendimento de água neste mesmo período, demonstrando que os municípios pequenos e mais pobres estão piorando o atendimento à população. Quando comparamos Amazonas com Roraima, nos três principais indicadores de saneamento, identificamos que o estado de Roraima está muito melhor, o que comprova a tese de que a operação regionalizada (que atua dentro da lógica do ganho de escala – veja abaixo) é melhor que uma operação fragmentada. “Nos três indicadores de saneamento, Roraima leva vantagem em relação ao Amazonas, a distância é acentuada quando se confronta o grupo de municípios cujo prestadores não são privados”, ressalta Roberval Tavares de Souza.

Com o avanço da MP 844, que altera o Marco Legal do Saneamento, os governadores eleitos ou reeleitos no pleito de 2018 iniciarão seus mandatos em 2019 com um enorme problema: levar saneamento básico a centenas de municípios deficitários, tendo que aumentar a tarifa de água e esgoto, situação semelhante à do Estado da Região Norte.
Posicionando-se contrária à MP, a ABES vem alertando sobre a questão desde o final de 2017, quando se iniciaram as conversações para a alteração do Marco Legal, e que agora se tornará uma dura realidade: “o sonho da universalização do saneamento no Brasil poderá ficar cada vez mais distante. E novamente os mais prejudicados serão os brasileiros mais pobres, que vivem sem acesso a água potável e esgoto tratado e sujeitos a contrair todo tipo de doenças”, adverte o presidente nacional da ABES, o engenheiro Roberval Tavares de Souza.

A Associação adverte que a proposta de revisão do Marco Legal do Saneamento do Ministério das Cidades pode desestruturar totalmente o setor no Brasil. A entidade vem colocando o tema em pauta desde novembro de 2017, quando participou de reunião com o Ministério das Cidades para discutir a revisão. A entidade já havia enviado ao então ministro das Cidades, Bruno Araújo, carta em que sugeria duas ações imediatas ao Ministério (leia aqui a íntegra da carta). E defendeu, no encontro em Brasília as propostas contidas no documento CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA ABES A MINUTA APRESENTADA PARA ALTERAÇÃO DA LEI 9.984/00 E LEI 11.445/07 (leia aqui).

Além do governo utilizar medida provisória para a revisão, em detrimento do projeto de lei, o que significa fazer uso de instrumento pouco democrático, a mesma impactará diretamente no subsídio cruzado (que possibilita que municípios com menos recursos tenham acesso aos serviços).

“Trata-se de mudanças relevantes e estruturais, portanto, deveriam acontecer após intenso debate com todo o setor de saneamento e com o Congresso Nacional e não por meio de Medida Provisória”, frisa Roberval. “Quanto ao Artigo 10-A, os resultados serão catastróficos, pois este artigo busca benefícios locais em detrimento da política pública já considerada na Lei 11.445/07.”

O artigo 10-A ocasiona que os municípios rentáveis fiquem com as empresas privadas e, como essas empresas não terão interesse pelos municípios deficitários, eles acabarão com o as Companhias Estaduais de Saneamento, que, por sua vez, perderão competitividade ao ter encerrados os contratos com os municípios rentáveis. E isso afetará diretamente o preço das tarifas para os mais necessitados.

Para os municípios superavitários, após o chamamento público, haverá invariavelmente interessados e, desta forma, haverá licitação pública. Como há concorrência, o resultado é a otimização do contrato programa local. Todo o superávit que seria gerado na hipótese de contrato de programa tende a ser consumido pelo processo concorrencial da licitação, e desta maneira não subsidiarão os municípios deficitários.  Com a aplicação desse processo nos municípios que atualmente são doadores, extingue-se todo o subsídios entre os municípios.

Para os municípios deficitários, por sua vez, não haverá interessados dos agentes, podendo inclusive não haver nem mesmo interesse por contrato programa. O município fica nas mãos do poder público. A fonte de financiamento, nesse caso, deverá ser fiscal.

Dos mais de 5.500 municípios brasileiros, apenas cerca de 500 apresentam condições de superávit nas operações de saneamento. Como ficarão os 5 mil municípios que dependem dos subsídios cruzados?  Vamos a um exemplo real: no final da década de 1990 o governo do Estado do Amazonas e do município de Manaus, aprovaram que o saneamento de Manaus sairia do controle da empresa estadual de saneamento, o município de Manaus era o único município superavitário do Estado, e o que aconteceu com o saneamento neste Estado?

Como frisa o presidente da ABES, os governadores têm um papel crucial neste momento. “Os governadores eleitos têm que exigir que se retire o Artigo 10-A. Eles perderão os municípios mais rentáveis, que ficarão com as empresas privadas, o que desestruturará totalmente o saneamento em seus Estados.”

 

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